Apple officially launches App Store subscriptions

When Apple's Eddy Cue, Rupert Murdoch and others launched the iPad-only newspaper The Daily, Cue promised that its subscription model would be made available to other iOS publications soon. Today, Apple has officially launched App Store subscriptions.

Subscriptions are purchased through the apps themselves using the same billing system that the App Store has employed for in-app purchases. Individual publishers are able to set their own prices and lengths of subscriptions. As for Apple, it takes the same 30 percent share that it currently pulls from other in-app purchases.



Customers can manage their subscriptions from a special account page, and cancel a subscription when they're ready. In a press release, Steve Jobs explained the pricing model, saying, "...when Apple brings a new subscriber to the app, Apple earns a 30 percent share; when the publisher brings an existing or new subscriber to the app, the publisher keeps 100 percent and Apple earns nothing. All we require is that, if a publisher is making a subscription offer outside of the app, the same (or better) offer be made inside the app, so that customers can easily subscribe with one-click right in the app."



Note that publishers may not provide links in their apps to purchase options outside of the app (like a subscriber website).



This has been a long time coming. Now for the big question: will people subscribe to magazines and newspapers on their iPads?

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JIRGA, THE PASHTUN JUDICIAL SYSTEM.

Jirga system in Pashtuns represents a formal traditional institution of Justice, which is practiced in thePashtuns society from the time immemorial. According to the Pashto Descriptive Dictionary  Jirga is an original Pashto word, which in its common usage refers to the gathering of a few, or a large number of people. (Attaye 56) It also means consultation according to this source. The roots of Jirga systems have been traced back to the Athenian democracy while some scholars argue that the Pashtuns are practicing Jirga even before the Athenian times.

The proceedings of Jirga are carried out in a Mosque, Hujra “Guest House” or under the shade of a huge tree. There is no governing officer neither hierarchal position in a Jirga. the Jirga system is conducted in two ways. In case of family or individual disputes the concerned parties themselves appeal to Jirga while theJirga assembles on its own and take Suo Moto action in case of any serious threat to the tribe or under grave social problems. In the latter case the Jirga is organized by volunteers called “Khadims” who perform the role of messengers announcing the date, timings and venue in all the villages of the tribe and also provide necessary arrangements for conducting Jirga. Jirga members usually gather in form of a huge circle resembling round table conference giving the message that no one is superior in the eyes of Pashtunwali   “ legal code ofPashtuns”

There is no systemized mechanism or basic criteria for the selection of Jirga Judiciary Council. Mostly noble elders of the tribe called “Speen Girey” (White beard men) are chosen for this purpose who have known repute for their honesty, wisdom and a firm understanding and knowledge of Pashtunwali and Sharia. However in case of grand Jirga the leaders of different clans are the members of Jirga Judiciary Council. The number of council members is not fixed and varies with the importance, sensitivity and type of dispute but mostly comprises from two to ten members. Any member of the Jirga council who do not practicePashtunwali in his daily life is usually excluded from the Jirga Council.

The operation of Jirga is carried out in a democratic way. Both the parties are given time to present their case and there is no discrimination made on any basis. The Jirga operation in minor cases is carried out for a day or two while in major cases it may take as long as nine to ten days. During the functioning of Jirgamaximum participation from both the parties and the members of judicial council is highly encouraged. This aids in understanding the nature of problem more effectively and providing possibilities for negotiations between the two parties. The crowd is not allowed to participate or interfere in the proceedings of Jirga. Decency, smoothness of the trial, and decorum of the Jirga is highly ensured during the whole process.

 After hearing both the parties and in the light of witnesses the Jirga officially announces its decision. The decisions in based on Sharia, Pashtunwali, local traditions and fair play. Every possible effort is made to reach a fair and pragmatic solution to the problem. Wealth, Social status and political power of any party do not influence the decision of Jirga in any case. In case of very sensitive matters like murder, abduction etc a Quranic oath is taken which is necessary to prove one’s innocence, as religion is the highest authority in Pashtun society. The decision is based on the consensus of majority members of the Jirga council. The Jirgamembers ask the related parties before it announces its verdict to the public. The decision of Jirga becomes an obligation and both the parties have to respect the Jirga decision.

The Jirga system does not take the right from either party of appealing against the decision of Jirgacouncil. The unsatisfied party can appeal on the basis of precedents and rules called “Narkh” and have the right to reject the decision of Jirga Council. The Jirga council may face difficulty in revising its decision in case when different tribes have different Narkhs on the same issue. In that case the appealing party can call for an another  Jirga gathering the decision of which is considered final. (Shinwari 110)

The Pushtoon Jirga exclusively enjoys the role of Judiciary, Executive and Legislature. In case if any party fails to respect the decision of Jirga called “Makh Arawal” meaning “turning of face”, than the Jirgacouncil has the right to impose its judgment by any means. Sanctions are imposed on the rebellious party which may range from imposition of heavy fines, confiscation of weapons and ex-communication with non complying party depending upon the seriousness of matter. If still the party refuses to follow the decision of Jirga than theJirga has the right to burn down the house of non-complying party by sending Lashkar ‘The tribal Army”. Also in disobeying the decision of Jirga, the dissident party may lose the protection right ensured by the Jirgaand may be killed by his opponents.

In absence of Government Judicial system in tribal areas, Jirga system provides Pashtun with an effective way of attaining cheap and speedy Justice. Moreover it enriches the very basic foundations ofPashtun culture and tradition by ensuring the maintenance of peace and justice in Pashtun society. It provides protection to the poor and weak from being oppressed by the rich and strong. Even when many progressed societies still lack an affective judicial system, the Pashtun Jirga system has been quite successful in dispensing justice. It adheres to the principles of equality and fairness for all, an accomplishment many judicial systems are still struggling to achieve

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Citation:

Attaye, I.A Dictionary of the Terminology of the Pashtun Tribal Customary Law and Usages. Kabul: The Academy Sciences of Afghanistan, 1979. Print

Shinwari,Hamza. Loya Jirga. Peshwar: Wah Bethak, 1993. Print

Slumdog Millionaire: A critique

Slumdog Millionaire is a tale of sufferings, deprivation, motivation, hope and destiny. It brings into spotlight the horrible realities of the lower social class in India, living the life below human level. It focuses the role of black powers, corruption, profit, greed, police and sectarian riots in shaping the destinies of those millions of poverty stricken people. Based on a novel from an Indian writer Vikaas Swarup and directed by Danny Boyle the movie is one of the most acclaimed and controversial of the year 2009, particularly for its public message.

                                     ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ is the story of young Jamal K Malik from the slums of Mumbai who is one question away from earning twenty million rupees on the Biggest Indian game show “ Who wants to be the millionaire”. He is arrested under the charges of cheating on the show. As the interrogator asks him about how he answered every question, Jamal tells a story of his life, his brother Saleem and Latika the girl he loved and lost. He tells about their dangerous adventures, encounters with the local gangs and how each question is related to one of his past experiences.

                        The way dwellers of slums are presented seems like a mockery of the human flesh. The movie presents a corrupt, dirty, inhumanly, demoralizing, unsophisticated and unhygienic view of slums residents that aroused the anger of many in India. The comics are offensive and seem like mocking the helplessness of the slums residents. Poverty has been shown in many Indian films but the way it was presented here was deplorable. One can find in slums many poor people coming out of their homes who are model of cleanliness, decency, self respect and dignity going to work as  cooks, servants, guards, drivers, nurses, dog walkers and vegetable vendors. The stealing of shoes and deceiving the Visitors by telling lies to them as guides defames the innocent, simple children of the slums. The entire film, direction and the script is full of scenes which managed to show India in low esteem of foreigners as a work of fiction, fantasy and imagination. (Siroya 47) The image of the slums has been manipulated to suit western audience.

                             The element of violence has been shown to a very unsuitable extent. The violence shown is unlike other Bollywood and Hollywood movies and is shown to bring in an emotional appeal to the audience. The movie shows a man damaging the eyes of children to make them efficient beggars. Salim the brother of Jamal kills a man in his childhood. The Hindu Muslims riots, rape of a girl and the brutal ways of interrogation when they give electricity shocks to Jamal are scenes that leaves a strong negative impact on the audience and makes it unsuitable watch for the children.

              The name “Slumdog” is in itself a controversial name, forcing one to think that, is it justified to compare the lower social and economical class of our society with something far below then human level, a Dog. (Seabrook 34) Why the movie was not named as ‘slum boy?’Is it not an offense calling a poor young innocent child a dog who is the future of India?

                             Jamal get selected for ‘Who wants to be the Millionaire’ and ends up winning the most just because he was destined for this.  It’s not the story of an ordinary man who works hard with honor, struggle, and on the basis of merit achieve success in his life, and not by winning twenty million in a game show just because of sheer luck. The message takes the away the importance of hard work and contributing to the society and is misleading for the youth. It’s not the luck but the man who is the architect of his own fate. (Sengupta)

                                      The movie lacked logic and was unable to answer a lot of technical questions.  How the children born and raised in slums started speaking in English as they never read, why did his brother died in a tub full of money rather than escaping, and also what happened to all the questions in between fifteen thousand to ten million. How a blind beggar boy would know the photo of Benjamin Franklin on a US hundred dollar bill. Moreover the pattern of questions was same as the chronological order of his life. Also the reality shows like this are never live. The way Prem Kapoor ( Show Host) along with the contestant got up and went to the bathroom and told him the answers seems far away than reality.  (IMDB)

    The heart of the movie is the love story between Latika and Saleem. Latika went from his life when she failed to catch a moving train while running from a man who uses them for begging.  Love was driving force behind Saleem struggle for survival, search for Latika, and bringing him to the quiz show. For Jamal 20 million was not the achievement, It was his Latika. The love story brought a traditional Bollywood touch in the film.

                         The movie was the first one focusing on slums and its inhabitants. It centre stage the most neglected area of the society and draws the attention of Government and NGOs to take steps in order to ensure a better life of slums’ inhabitants. The movie is unlike other Bollywood movies and comes up with a message to the develop countries and the elite class of our society who live a luxurious life that there is someone in another part of the world, who deserves their attention, affection and help. It brings into notice the miserable life of slums people and appeals to its audience for taking pragmatic steps in alleviating their sufferings.

                             The good thing about the movie is it depicts the message that Knowledge cannot be only obtained through expensive books and elite institutions but also through the sufferings, observations and experience of one’s daily life. As Jamal K Malik succeeds in earning one million dollars in the game show, by answering questions on the basis of his own observations and experience. He succeeds to win all by answering all of the questions which even many of the doctors, lawyers, social scientists fail to answer. 

                              ‘Slumdog Millionaire’ successfully addresses many social problems of the lower class in India. It unmasks the dirty police culture and the inhuman torture they use against the helpless poor’s.  it tells how each child that we see on the bus stops, railway stations, traffic signals has a dark story attached to him and how internal riots, lack of education and poverty turn millions of innocent children to slum dogs.

The movie does well in most of the departments of film making. Cinematography, editing, acting, and music were all up to the mark and were masterfully blended.  The plot of the movie goes in a unified direction. The variegated screenplay and the imaginative direction bring energy to the flashbacks. The music of the film was a great success for which the music Director received two Oscar awards. The movie received nine Oscar awards including best director and best film, eleven BAFTA film awards, six British Independent Film Award another hundred wins and fifty one nominations. The movie got a user rating of 8.4 from the IMDB site (Internet Movie Database), which is the unofficial but the most reliable source of user ratings.

Citation:                                                                

Siroya, Mohan. “ Slumdog Millionaire, A Psycho Analytical Review.” Epic India Jan.2009: 45-49. Print 

Seabrook Jeremy. “Betraying India’s Poor”. Guardian Jan. 2009:23-24.Print

Sengupta, Mitu. "Slumdog Millionaire: A Hollow Message of Social Justice." Alternet. Web. http://www.alternet.org/movies/127845/22slumdog_millionaire22

"Slumdog Millionaire (2008)." The Internet Movie Database (IMDb). Web. 31 Apr. 2010. .

In De Nile: Revisiting Vintage Egypt Travel Posters,(By Steve in Architecture & Design, History & Factoids, Travel & Places)

Egypt has been showing the world its real face lately, courtesy of live TV news and social media sites like Twitter and Facebook. Scenes of passionate protests at daily demonstrations stand in stark contrast to the idyllic imagery used to tempt tourists and vacationers. This Luxor-ious selection of vintage Egypt travel posters sheds a nostalgic light on the travel industry’s biggest pyramid scheme.

Fez Up!

(image via: Mikeyashworth)

In Egypt, it would seem, the weather’s always sunny and nights, well, they’re magic… whatever that means. Then again, this poster was designed in 1937 when just getting to Egypt safe and sound took a little magic and a lot of luck – and not a carpet, which is about the only thing this stereotypical scene lacks.

Night Boat To Cairo

(images via: Art.com and Allposters)

Long before it was a Madness song, the night boat to Cairo was the best way to reach the land of the Pharaohs. Shipping companies of the day did their best to make curious travelers aware of their services, typically through lovely watercolor-look posters that made up in style what they lacked in real detail.

(image via: Kodak Agfa)

Lets’ not forget the railways, the Egyptian State variety in particular. The first railroad in Africa and in the Middle East, running between Alexandria and Cairo, was completed in 1856.

Twilight Of The Gods

(image via: Art.com)

In the first decade of the 20th century the French artistM.Tamplough produced a number of exquisitely mysterious travel posters in that, unlike most of their contemporaries, allow the observer to provide the emotional impetus to travel to Egypt. “Crepuscule En Egypte”, or “Twilight In Egypt”, from 1911, is a triumph of soft lighting, muted color and subtle visual cues.

Fly The Pharaonic Skies

(images via: Art.com, Live Auctioneers and Corbis)

Crossing the endless dunes of the Western Desert on your trusty camel is all well and good, but you’ve got to get to Egypt first – and the best way to do it is by air.

(images via: Samuel Owen Gallery and Merida Home)

This selection of travel posters manages to incorporate Egypt’s best known ground attractions with airplane motifs in various degrees of stylization. Note that TWA’s ad agency got twice their money’s worth by using the same camel in two different posters.

(image via: Posters & Posters)

Planes were slower and smaller in the years before jets revolutionized the airline industry, factors that made Imperial Airways’ Cairo-Baghdad-Karachi jaunt an adventure in itself.

Choose Wisely; Choose Egypt

(images via: Kodak Agfa and Allposters)

Flickr user Kodak Agfa has assembled a stunning selection of vintage Egypt ads including the four pre-WW2 travel posters above. The German ad at above top left dates from 1935, putting one in mind of the 1989 film Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade.

(images via: Kodak Agfa, Zazzle and 101 Clocks Store)

This mesmerizing Egyptian State Railway ad from 1925 effectively transmits the exotic beauty of Egypt, mother of all nations. The almond-eyed temptress in the poster exudes a silent seductive siren song that undoubtedly lured more than one lonely amateur Egyptologist to make the trip of his lifetime.

(images via: Artfact and Biblio)

The above ad from 1930 epitomizes Art Deco style in all its glory. A benevolently smiling ancient pharaoh, a massive modern locomotive and radiating, sunburst-like rails to evoke distance and force perspective.

Heart Sand Minds

(images via: Art-Canyon, Mythic Journeys and Posterteam)

“Egypt this winter; supreme for sunshine, sport and gaiety”… not that there’s anything wrong with that. I’m talking about selling Egypt’s famous sunshine, of course. In the relatively peaceful period between the First and Second World Wars, Egypt was basking in its reputation as an exotic vacation destination filled with ancient splendor and towering ruins. For pasty-skinned northern Europeans, Egypt was appealing on a number of levels.

Lap Of Luxor-y

(images via: Samuel Owen Gallery, LA Artwork and Poster Avatar)

Famed as the “world’s greatest open air museum”, modern Luxor sits on the site of the ancient Egyptian city of Thebes and boasts two magnificent temple complexes: Luxor and Karnak. Across the Nile tourists have easy access to the West Bank Necropolis and the Valley of the Kings. These amazing attractions have been drawing visitors for centuries, and travel agencies have done their part to spread the city’s allure as a prime Egyptian travel destination.

Imhotep, In Hotel

(images via: Zazzle, Bakati and Amazon.com)

Travel agencies often help tourists plan entire itineraries from start to finish, including hotel stays while abroad. As such, hotels are often the subject of travel posters and typically follow the same styling conventions… even for, er, conventions.

Call Of Cleopatra

(images via: Kodak Agfa and Great Modern Pictures)

Egypt’s beauty is not limited to her majestic monuments – just ask Caesar, a guy who couldn’t control his Roman eyes (and likely more) when presented with Queen Cleopatra. The poster at above left dates from the 1950s, after King Farouk was sent into royal exile. It seems an appropriate way to end this retrospective look at Egyptian travel posters, as Egypt’s most recent long-time ruler has decided it would be best to do some traveling of his own.

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